Methods and Wireless Devices for Enabling Synchronization in D2D Communications

ABSTRACT

A first and a second wireless device and a respective method performed thereby for enabling D2D communication there between are provided. The method performed by the first wireless device comprises obtaining a timing reference and a time offset, from a wireless network; and transmitting, to the at least one second wireless device, an SA in accordance with the obtained timing reference, the SA comprising the time offset. The method further comprises transmitting data, to the at least one second wireless device, in accordance with an uplink timing, wherein the uplink timing is based on the time offset and the timing reference.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/420,460, which was filed on Feb. 9, 2015, which is anational stage application of PCT/SE2014/050787, filed Jun. 25, 2014,and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/897,321, filedOct. 30, 2013, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to Device-to-Device, D2D, communicationand in particular to a respective first and second wireless device and arespective method performed by the respective first and second wirelessdevice for enabling D2D communication there between.

BACKGROUND

Recent developments of the 3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP,Long Term Evolution, LTE, facilitate accessing local IP-based servicesin various places, such as at home, office, or public hot spots, or evenin outdoor environments. One of the use cases for the local IP accessand local connectivity involves a so-called D2D communication mode,wherein wireless devices, such as for example user equipments, UEs, inclose proximity (typically less than a few tens of meters, but sometimesup to a few hundred meters) of each other communicate with each otherdirectly.

Because D2D wireless devices may be closer to each other than cellularUEs that have to communicate via at least one cellular access point(e.g. a Radio Base Station, RBS, such as an evolved Node B, eNB), theD2D communication enables a number of potential gains over thetraditional cellular technique, including capacity gain, peak rate gain,and latency gain.

The capacity gain may be achieved, for example, by reusing radioresources (e.g. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM,resource blocks) between D2D and cellular communications and by reducingthe number of links between wireless devices such as UEs from two to oneand accordingly reducing the radio resources required for one link. Thepeak rate gain directly results from the relatively short distancebetween D2D UEs and the potentially favourable propagation conditionthere between. The latency gain is also a direct result of the singlerelatively short link between D2D UEs.

FIG. 1a illustrates an example of a mixed cellular and D2D network,wherein wireless device 101 is a cellular UE which communicates via aneNB 110, whereas wireless devices 102 and 103 are D2D wireless deviceswhich communicate with each other directly. In such a mixed cellular andD2D network, D2D communications share radio resources with UL cellularcommunications, and a Time Division Duplex (TDD) is used as the duplexscheme for the bi-directional D2D communications.

For a pure cellular system using a Frequency Division Duplex, FDD,scheme, UL reception timings at an eNB are aligned for cellularsubframes transmitted from all cellular wireless devices served by theeNB, while DL transmission timings are aligned with the UL receptiontimings, as illustrated at the top of FIG. 1b . In FIG. 1b , thewireless devices are denoted terminal 1 and terminal 2. Examples of awireless device are a UE, a mobile telephone, a mobile station, alaptop, a personal digital assistant, PDA, and any other portable deviceor terminal having communication means enabling the device or terminalto communicate wirelessly with any other device, terminal orcommunication node.

In order to achieve the alignment of DL transmission and UL receptiontimings at the eNB side, in DL, each cellular wireless device receives asynchronisation signal from the eNB, and adjusts its reception timingaccording to the received synchronisation signal, so that the receptiontiming for a subframe at the wireless device coincides with thetransmission timing for the subframe at the eNB plus a propagationdelay, TP, from the eNB to the UE. In the middle and at the bottom ofFIG. 1b , the TPs for a wireless device (denoted terminal 1 in FIG. 1b )close to the eNB and a wireless device (denoted terminal 2 in FIG. 1b )far from the eNB are respectively denoted as T_(P,1) and T_(P,2).

In UL, each wireless device receives from the eNB a timing advance, TA,calculated by means of random access channel, RACH, procedure and/orbased on UL demodulation reference signal, DMRS, estimation, and adjustsits UL transmission timing in advance of its DL reception timingaccording to the TA. In the middle and at the bottom of FIG. 1b , theTAs for the terminal 1 close to the eNB and the terminal 2 far from theeNB are respectively denoted as T_(A,1) and T_(A,2).

In the mixed cellular and D2D network, a wireless device or UE mayoperate as a D2D receiving, RX, UE to receive data from itscorresponding D2D transmitting, TX, UE and/or operate as a D2D TX UE totransmit data to its corresponding D2D RX UE, in addition to receivingand transmitting data from and to an eNB.

Cellular systems often define multiple states for the terminal matchingdifferent transmission activities. In LTE, two states are defined:

RRC_IDLE, where the wireless device is not connected to a particularcell and no data transfer in either uplink or downlink may occur. Thewireless device is in DRX most of the time except for occasionallymonitoring the paging channel.RRC_CONNECTED, where the wireless device is connected to a known celland can receive downlink transmissions. Although expressed differentlyin the specifications, it can be thought to have two “sub-states”:

UL_IN_SYNC, where the wireless device has a valid timing advance valuesuch that uplink transmissions can be received without collisionsbetween different wireless devices.

UL_OUT_OF_SYNC, where the wireless device does not have a valid timingadvance value and hence cannot transmit data in the uplink. Prior to anytransmission, a random access must be performed to synchronise theuplink.

In LTE, random access is used to achieve uplink time synchronisation fora wireless device which either has not yet acquired, or has lost, itsuplink synchronisation. Once uplink synchronisation is achieved for awireless device, the eNB can schedule orthogonal uplink transmissionresources for it. Relevant scenarios in which the RACH is used aretherefore:

1) A wireless device in RRC_CONNECTED state, but notuplink-synchronised, needing to send new uplink data or controlinformation (e.g. an event-triggered measurement report or a hybrid ARQacknowledgement in response to downlink data transmission);

2) A wireless device in RRC_CONNECTED state, handing over from itscurrent serving cell to a target cell;

3) For positioning purposes in RRC_CONNECTED state, when timing advanceis needed for wireless device positioning;

4) A transition from RRC_IDLE state to RRC_CONNECTED, for example forinitial access or tracking area updates;

5) Recovering from radio link failure.

For D2D communication, it is necessary to define the transmission andreception timing. In principle, any transmission timing could be used aslong as transmissions do not interfere with cellular communication.However, an attractive approach for D2D communication is (especially forbroadcast type communication) to require the D2D TX to be RRC connected,but allow RRC idle UEs to receive.

In other words, to use the same transmission timing at the D2D TX forD2D transmissions as for cellular uplink transmissions. This ensuresthat D2D transmissions do no collide with uplink transmissions from thesame device and avoids a (potentially complicated) additional timingadvance mechanism for direct D2D communication.

So a problem is how to enable the RRC_IDLE UEs to receive data. As anRRC_IDLE UE, as stated above, only has DL timing, but no information ofUL timing, i.e. TA value. In this case, it cannot receive the D2D TXsignal from another device since:

-   -   Considering the propagation delay within each D2D link, the        timing difference is 2*link length, e.g., we need to handle        2*500 m/c=3.3 μs (the D2D link length maybe larger than 500 m in        an extreme case); c is the speed of light equal to 3*10⁸ m/s;    -   Considering the propagation delay between D2D TX and eNB, the        timing difference between UL timing (at TX side) and DL timing        (at Rx side) is 2*UE-eNB link length, e.g., we need to handle        2*1 km/c=6 μs.

So to handle this (6+3.3) ps difference (plus the channel delay spread),it is not enough to use the traditional normal (Cycic Prefix) CP—5 μslength, since this would cause reception failure at the D2D Rx.

Even though one may argue that we can use extended CP (16 μs), it means:

-   -   Less legacy support on eNBs: normal CP is a widely used case,        while extended CP is mostly limited to evolved Multimedia        Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) scenario;    -   Limited to intra-cell scenario: For un-sync eNBs scenario, the        timing difference between neighbouring cells is not predicted,        so even 16 μs will not guarantee inter-cell D2D communication;

So a problem here is how the D2D Rx gets the timing info of the D2D TXfor reception, while remaining in RRC_IDLE.

SUMMARY

The object is to obviate at least some of the problems outlined above.In particular, it is an object to provide a first wireless device and amethod performed by the first wireless device for enabling D2Dcommunication with at least one second wireless device. Further, it isan object to provide a second wireless device and a method performed bythe second wireless device for enabling D2D communication with a firstwireless device. These objects and others may be obtained by providing afirst and a second wireless device and a respective method performed bythe first and the second wireless device according to the independentclaims attached below.

According to an aspect, a method performed by a first wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with at least one second wireless deviceis provided. The method comprises obtaining a timing reference and atime offset, from a wireless network; and transmitting, to the at leastone second wireless device, a Scheduling Assignment, SA, in accordancewith the obtained timing reference, the SA comprising the time offset.The method further comprises transmitting data, to the at least onesecond wireless device, in accordance with an uplink timing, wherein theuplink timing is based on the time offset and the timing reference.

According to an aspect, a method performed by a second wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with a first wireless device is provided.The method comprises receiving, from the first wireless device, an SAcomprising a time offset; and determining a timing reference. The methodfurther comprises determining a reception timing based on the receivedtime offset and the determined timing reference; and receiving datatransmitted from the first wireless device in accordance with thedetermined reception timing.

According to an aspect, a first wireless device adapted for enabling D2Dcommunication with at least one second wireless device is provided. Thefirst wireless device comprises a processor and memory, the memorycomprising instructions, e.g. by means of a computer program, which whenexecuted by the processor causes the first wireless device to obtain atiming reference and a time offset, from a wireless network; totransmit, to the at least one second wireless device, an SA inaccordance with the obtained timing reference, the SA comprising thetime offset; and to transmit data, to the at least one second wirelessdevice, in accordance with an uplink timing, wherein the uplink timingis based on the time offset and the timing reference.

According to an aspect, a second wireless device adapted for enablingD2D communication with a first wireless device is provided. The secondwireless device comprises a processor and memory, the memory comprisinginstructions, e.g. by means of a computer program, which when executedby the processor causes the first wireless device to receive, from thefirst wireless device, an SA comprising a time offset; to determine atiming reference; to determine a reception timing based on the receivedtime offset and the determined timing reference; and to receive datatransmitted from the first wireless device in accordance with thedetermined reception timing.

The method performed by the first and the second wireless devicerespectively as well as the first and the second wireless device mayhave several advantages. One possible advantage is that they support areceiving wireless device being in idle mode. Another possible advantageis that they support inter-cell D2D communication. Still anotherpossible advantage is that interference from D2D communication to thewireless network may be reduced or alleviated since the D2Dcommunication may be synchronised with the wireless network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a is a diagram illustrating a mixed cellular and D2D network;

FIG. 1b is a diagram illustrating transmission and reception timings ata base station and two terminals in a pure cellular system using an FDDscheme.

FIG. 1c is a flowchart of a method performed by a first wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with a second wireless device accordingto an exemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 1d is a flowchart of a method performed by a first wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with a second wireless device accordingto another exemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 2a is a flowchart of a method performed by a second wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with a first wireless device according toan exemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 2b is a flowchart of a method performed by a second wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with a first wireless device according toanother exemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a first wireless device adapted forenabling D2D communication with a second wireless device according to anexemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a second wireless device adapted forenabling D2D communication with a first wireless device according to anexemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a first wireless device for enabling D2Dcommunication with a second wireless device according to an exemplifyingembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a second wireless device for enabling D2Dcommunication with a first wireless device according to an exemplifyingembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an arrangement in a first wireless devicefor enabling D2D communication with a second wireless device accordingto an exemplifying embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a second wireless device for enabling D2Dcommunication with a first wireless device according to an exemplifyingembodiment.

FIG. 9a is a sequence diagram illustrating a procedure for a wirelessterminal entering a CONNECTED mode and obtaining TA information from anetwork.

FIG. 9b is a sequence diagram illustrating a procedure for time aligninga wireless device in a CONNECTED mode and a wireless device in IDLE modeaccording to an exemplifying embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Briefly described, a first wireless device and a method performedthereby for enabling D2D communication with a second wireless device areprovided. Also, a second wireless device and a method performed therebyfor enabling D2D communication with a first wireless device areprovided. Since the first and the second wireless device may not be timealigned with each other, they may not be able to perform the D2Dcommunication, or may not be able to perform the D2D communicationwithout causing severe interference in a wireless network in which theyare operating. In order to time align the second wireless device withthe first wireless device, the first wireless device obtains a timingreference and a time offset from a wireless network, which the firstwireless device directly or indirectly provides to the second wirelessdevice so that the second wireless device may align itself, or areception window of the second wireless device, to the first wirelessdevice based on the provided timing reference and time offset.

Exemplifying embodiments of such a method performed by a first wirelessdevice for enabling D2D communication with at least one second wirelessdevice will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1c and 1 d.

FIG. 1c illustrates the method comprising: obtaining 110 a timingreference and a time offset, from a wireless network; and transmitting120, to the at least one second wireless device, a SchedulingAssignment, SA, in accordance with the obtained timing reference, the SAcomprising the time offset. The method further comprises transmitting130 data, to the at least one second wireless device, in accordance withan uplink timing, wherein the uplink timing is based on the time offsetand the timing reference.

The first wireless device may for example be in an idle mode and nothaving any timing reference with regards to the network. As describedabove, depending on which technology used by the wireless network, theidle mode may be named differently, but in general, a wireless device inidle mode may not have all necessary timing and synchronisationinformation as a wireless device in an “active” mode. Thus, at somepoint, the first wireless device obtains the timing reference from thenetwork. The timing reference may be obtained in various ways as will bedescribed in more detail below. However, one example is the timing of adownlink signal, from the network, received by the first wirelessdevice. The timing reference may thus correspond to the reception timeof the received downlink signal.

The first wireless device also obtains the time offset. The time offsetis dependent on e.g. the distance between the first wireless device andan access point, such as e.g. a radio base station, of the network. Asignal transmitted from the access point to the first wireless device issubjected to a propagation delay as the signal travels the path betweenthe access point and the first wireless device. The time offset may beobtained in various ways as will be described in more detail below.

Once the first wireless device has obtained the timing reference and thetime offset, the wireless device may synchronise itself with thenetwork. In order for the first and second wireless device to be able toperform D2D communication, they should be synchronised with each other,or in other words, the second wireless device needs to know the timingreference and time offset of the first wireless device, this will alsobe explained in more detail below. In order for the second wirelessdevice to be able to synchronise, or time align, itself with the firstwireless device, the first wireless device transmits the SA comprisingthe time offset to the second wireless device in accordance with theobtained timing reference. Thus, the first wireless device transmits theSA at a point in time which is based on the timing reference.

In this manner, the second wireless device receives the SA, which willinform the second wireless device that an upcoming data transmission iscoming from the first wireless device, so that the second wirelessdevice may adjust its timing for receiving radio signals and/or channelsassociated with D2D communication from the first wireless device. Thesecond wireless device may thus be in an idle mode not having a timingreference, since the timing reference will be provided from the firstwireless device. The first wireless device may then transmit data, tothe second wireless device, in accordance with an uplink timing, whereinthe uplink timing is based on the time offset and the timing reference.

By the timing reference, the first wireless device knows the timing ofthe network. By the time offset, the first wireless device knows, andmay thus compensate for, e.g. propagation delay between the firstwireless device and the access point of the network. Thus the uplinktiming may in an example be the timing reference plus the time offset.

The method performed by the first wireless device may have severaladvantages. One possible advantage is that it supports a receivingwireless device being in idle mode. Another possible advantage is thatit supports inter-cell D2D communication. Still another possibleadvantage is that interference from D2D communication to the wirelessnetwork may be reduced or alleviated since the D2D communication may besynchronised with the wireless network.

The timing reference may be a downlink timing, T1.

As described above, the timing reference may be obtained as the timingof a downlink signal, from the network, received by the first wirelessdevice. The timing reference may thus correspond to the reception timeof the received downlink signal. Since the wireless network transmitssignals, by means of e.g. an access point such as a base station or eNB,the signals transmitted by the network may constitute, or serve as, atiming reference themselves.

The time offset may be a Timing Advance, TA.

In general, TA is defined as the length of time a signal takes to reachthe access point such as a base station or eNB from a wireless device,such as e.g. a mobile telephone or a UE, or vice versa. Thus, since thetime offset indicates the propagation delay between the wireless deviceand the access point, TA may be used as the time offset.

The timing reference may be one of Global Positioning System, GPS, time,system time, reception timing associated with signals transmitted bywireless devices, downlink timing determined based on received physicalradio signals such as synchronisation signals.

As stated above, the timing reference may be obtained in various ways.One example is GPS time. GPS provides location and time information inall weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is anunobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The firstwireless device may also receive signals from other wireless devices,and assuming that they are synchronised with the network and thus have atiming reference, their signals are transmitted according to the timingreference, and thus the reception time of such signals may serve as abase for the timing reference. Also, as described above, the wirelessnetwork may transmit signals in downlink to the first wireless device,which may serve as a base for obtaining the timing reference. Oneexample of downlink signals are synchronisation signals.

According to a further example, timing reference is configured by a nodeor via higher layers of the wireless communication network, or ispre-defined or decided by the first wireless device.

These are further examples of the timing reference. The wireless networkmay have an internal clock or timing arrangement which configure ordetermine the timing reference. The timing reference may further bepre-defined. Alternatively, the timing reference may be decided by thefirst wireless device.

The time offset information may also be complemented with additionalinformation, e.g. uncertainty associated with the time offset, searchwindow size, etc.

The method may further comprise, as illustrated in FIG. 1d , receiving140 an updated time offset from the wireless communication network,transmitting 150 the updated time offset to the second wireless deviceusing a Medium Access Control, MAC, Control Element, CE, of a datachannel by means of which the first wireless device transmits data tothe second wireless device.

In a wireless network, the wireless devices may generally move aroundand thus travel towards or away from a base station, or be handed overto another base station. Thus, as the wireless device move around, thepropagation delay between the base station and the wireless devicetypically changes. Consequently, the first wireless device may at somepoint in time receive an updated time offset from the wirelesscommunication network, to better reflect the current propagation delay.The first wireless device then transmits the updated time offset to thesecond wireless device so that the first and the second wireless devicecontinue to be synchronised with each other. One example of how thefirst wireless device may send the updated time offset is by using theMAC CE of the data channel that the first wireless device is using fortransmitting data to the second wireless device. Thus, the firstwireless device needs not transmit a separate SA to the second wirelessdevice in order to provide the second wireless device with the updatedtime offset.

Embodiments herein also relate to a method performed by a secondwireless device for enabling D2D communication with a first wirelessdevice. Examples of such embodiments will now be described withreference to FIGS. 2a and 2b

FIG. 2a illustrates the method comprising receiving 210, from the firstwireless device, an SA comprising a time offset; and determining 220 atiming reference. The method further comprises determining 230 areception timing based on the received time offset and the determinedtiming reference; and receiving 240 data transmitted from the firstwireless device in accordance with the determined reception timing.

The second wireless device receives the SA comprising the time offsetfrom the first wireless device. The manner in which the first wirelessdevice transmits the SA is described above with reference to FIG. 1c .The second wireless device receives the SA, and since the SA wastransmitted in accordance with a timing reference, the point of timewhen the second wireless device receives the SA is dependent on thetiming reference and thus the second wireless device may determine thetiming reference based on the reception time of the received SA. Thesecond wireless device also obtains the time offset that is comprised inthe SA. Thus the second wireless device is in possession of both thetiming reference and the time offset. Based on these, the secondwireless device may determine the reception timing. In other words, thesecond wireless device adjusts the timing of a reception window so thatthe timing of the reception window is based on the timing reference andthe time offset.

Once the second wireless device has determined the reception timing, thesecond wireless device is enabled to receive transmissions from thefirst wireless device. Thus the wireless device receives datatransmitted from the first wireless device in accordance with thedetermined reception timing.

The method performed by the second wireless device has the same possibleadvantages as the method performed by the first wireless device. Onepossible advantage is that it supports a receiving wireless device beingin idle mode. Another possible advantage is that it supports inter-cellD2D communication. Still another possible advantage is that interferencefrom D2D communication to the wireless network may be reduced oralleviated since the D2D communication may be synchronised with thewireless network.

The timing reference may be based on a reception time of the receivedSA, or one of GPS time, system time, reception timing associated tosignals transmitted by wireless devices, downlink timing determinedbased on received physical radio signals such as synchronisationsignals.

As stated above, the timing reference may be obtained in various ways.One example is GPS time. GPS provides location and time information inall weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is anunobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The secondwireless device may also receive signals from other wireless devices,and assuming that they are synchronised with the network and thus have atiming reference, their signals are transmitted according to the timingreference, and thus the reception time of such signals may serve as abase for the timing reference. Also, as described above, the wirelessnetwork may transmit signals in downlink to the second wireless device,which may serve as a base for obtaining the timing reference. Oneexample of downlink signals are synchronisation signals.

However, the second wireless device may in an example not have a timingreference before receiving the SA from the first wireless device and maythus be in an idle mode.

The time offset information may also be complemented with additionalinformation, e.g. uncertainty associated with the time offset, searchwindow size, etc.

The time offset may be a Timing Advance, TA.

As described above in conjunction with the first wireless device, ingeneral, TA is defined as the length of time a signal takes to reach theaccess point such as a base station or eNB from a wireless device, suchas e.g. a mobile telephone or a UE, or vice versa. Thus, since the timeoffset indicates the propagation delay between the wireless device andthe access point, TA may be used as the time offset.

The method may further comprise, as illustrated in FIG. 2b , receiving250 an updated time offset from the first wireless device by means of aMAC CE of a data channel by means of which the second wireless devicereceives data from the first wireless device, and updating 260 theuplink timing based on the received updated time offset.

The wireless devices may generally move around and thus travel towardsor away from a base station, or be handed over to another base station.Thus, as the wireless device move around, the propagation delay betweenthe base station and the wireless device typically changes. Assuming thefirst wireless device has moved around and received an updated timeoffset from the network, the first network node will notify the secondwireless device as described above. An example is transmitting theupdated time offset by means of the MAC CE of the data channel by meansof which the first wireless device transmits data to the first wirelessdevice. Thus, the second wireless device receives the updated timeoffset by means of the MAC CE of the data channel by means of which thesecond wireless device receives data from the first wireless device. Thesecond wireless device then updates the uplink timing based on thereceived updated time offset.

Embodiments herein also relate to a first wireless device adapted forenabling D2D communication with at least one second wireless device. Thefirst wireless device has the same objects, technical features andadvantages as the method performed by the first wireless device. Thefirst wireless device will hence only be described in brief in order toavoid unnecessary repetition.

FIG. 3 illustrates the first wireless device comprising a processor 321and memory 322, the memory comprising instructions, e.g. by means of acomputer program 323, which when executed by the processor 321 causesthe first wireless device 300 to obtain a timing reference and a timeoffset, from a wireless network; to transmit, to the at least one secondwireless device, an SA in accordance with the obtained timing reference,the SA comprising the time offset; and to transmit data, to the at leastone second wireless device, in accordance with an uplink timing, whereinthe uplink timing is based on the time offset and the timing reference.

The first wireless device has the same possible advantages as the methodperformed by the first wireless device. One possible advantage is thatit supports a receiving wireless device being in idle mode. Anotherpossible advantage is that it supports inter-cell D2D communication.Still another possible advantage is that interference from D2Dcommunication to the wireless network may be reduced or alleviated sincethe D2D communication may be synchronised with the wireless network.

The timing reference may be a downlink timing, T1.

The time offset may be a TA.

The timing reference may be one of GPS time, system time, receptiontiming associated with signals transmitted by wireless devices, downlinktiming determined based on received physical radio signals such assynchronisation signals.

According to a further example, timing reference is configured by a nodeor via higher layers of the wireless communication network, or ispre-defined or decided by the first wireless device.

In an example, the memory 322 further comprises instructions, which whenexecuted by the processor 321 causes the first wireless device 300 toreceive an updated time offset from the wireless communication network,and to transmit the updated time offset to the second wireless deviceusing a Medium Access Control, MAC, Control Element, CE, of a datachannel by means of which the first wireless device transmits data tothe second wireless device.

Embodiments herein also relate to a second wireless device adapted forenabling D2D communication with a first wireless device. The secondwireless device has the same objects, technical features and advantagesas the method performed by the second wireless device. The secondwireless device will hence only be described in brief in order to avoidunnecessary repetition.

FIG. 4 illustrates the second wireless device comprising a processor 421and memory 422, the memory comprising instructions, e.g. by means of acomputer program 423, which when executed by the processor 421 causesthe first wireless device 400 to receive, from the first wirelessdevice, an SA comprising a time offset; to determine a timing reference;to determine a reception timing based on the received time offset andthe determined timing reference; and to receive data transmitted fromthe first wireless device in accordance with the determined receptiontiming.

The second wireless device has the same possible advantages as themethod performed by the second wireless device. One possible advantageis that it supports a receiving wireless device being in idle mode.Another possible advantage is that it supports inter-cell D2Dcommunication. Still another possible advantage is that interferencefrom D2D communication to the wireless network may be reduced oralleviated since the D2D communication may be synchronised with thewireless network.

The timing reference may be based on a reception time of the receivedSA, or one of GPS time, system time, reception timing associated tosignals transmitted by wireless devices, downlink timing determinedbased on received physical radio signals such as synchronisationsignals.

The time offset may be a TA.

In an example, the memory 422 further comprises instructions, which whenexecuted by the processor 421 causes the second wireless device 400 toreceive an updated time offset from the first wireless device by meansof a Medium Access Control, MAC, Control Element, CE, of a data channelby means of which the second wireless device receives data from thefirst wireless device, and to update the uplink timing based on thereceived updated time offset.

Embodiments herein also relate to a first wireless device for enablingD2D communication with at least one second wireless device. The firstwireless device has the same objects, technical features and advantagesas the method performed by the first wireless device, and the firstwireless device as described above with reference to FIG. 3. The firstwireless device will hence only be described in brief in order to avoidunnecessary repetition.

FIG. 5 illustrates the first wireless device comprising an obtainingunit 503 for obtaining a timing reference and a time offset, from awireless network; and a transmitting unit 504 for transmitting, to theat least one second wireless device, an SA in accordance with theobtained timing reference, the SA comprising the time offset, and fortransmitting data, to the at least one second wireless device, inaccordance with an uplink timing, wherein the uplink timing is based onthe time offset and the timing reference.

The first wireless device has the same possible advantages as the methodperformed by the first wireless device and the first wireless devicedescribed in conjunction with FIG. 3. One possible advantage is that itsupports a receiving wireless device being in idle mode. Anotherpossible advantage is that it supports inter-cell D2D communication.Still another possible advantage is that interference from D2Dcommunication to the wireless network may be reduced or alleviated sincethe D2D communication may be synchronised with the wireless network.

Embodiments herein also relate to a second wireless device for enablingD2D communication with a first wireless device. The second wirelessdevice has the same objects, technical features and advantages as themethod performed by the second wireless device and the second wirelessdevice described above in conjunction with FIG. 4. The second wirelessdevice will hence only be described in brief in order to avoidunnecessary repetition.

FIG. 6 illustrates the second wireless device 600 comprising a receivingunit 603 for receiving, from the first wireless device, an SA comprisinga time offset; and a determining unit 604 for determining a timingreference and for determining a reception timing based on the receivedtime offset and the determined timing reference; wherein the receivingunit 603 is also for receiving data transmitted from the first wirelessdevice in accordance with the determined reception timing.

The second wireless device has the same possible advantages as themethod performed by the second wireless device and the second wirelessdevice described above in conjunction with FIG. 4. One possibleadvantage is that it supports a receiving wireless device being in idlemode. Another possible advantage is that it supports inter-cell D2Dcommunication. Still another possible advantage is that interferencefrom D2D communication to the wireless network may be reduced oralleviated since the D2D communication may be synchronised with thewireless network.

In FIG. 5, the first wireless device 500 is also illustrated comprisinga communication unit 501. Through this unit, the first wireless device500 is adapted to communicate with other nodes and/or entities in thewireless communication network. The communication unit 501 may comprisemore than one receiving arrangement. For example, the communication unit501 may be connected to both a wire and an antenna, by means of whichthe first wireless device 500 is enabled to communicate with other nodesand/or entities in the wireless communication network. Similarly, thecommunication unit 502 may comprise more than one transmittingarrangement, which in turn are connected to both a wire and an antenna,by means of which the first wireless device 500 is enabled tocommunicate with other nodes and/or entities in the wirelesscommunication network. The first wireless device 500 further comprises amemory 502 for storing data. Further, the first wireless device 500 maycomprise a control or processing unit (not shown) which in turn isconnected to the different units 503-504. It shall be pointed out thatthis is merely an illustrative example and the first wireless device 500may comprise more, less or other units or modules which execute thefunctions of the first wireless device 500 in the same manner as theunits illustrated in FIG. 5.

It should be noted that FIG. 5 merely illustrates various functionalunits in the first wireless device 500 in a logical sense. The functionsin practice may be implemented using any suitable software and hardwaremeans/circuits etc. Thus, the embodiments are generally not limited tothe shown structures of the first wireless device 500 and the functionalunits. Hence, the previously described exemplary embodiments may berealised in many ways. For example, one embodiment includes acomputer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that areexecutable by the control or processing unit for executing the methodsteps in the first wireless device 500. The instructions executable bythe computing system and stored on the computer-readable medium performthe method steps of the first wireless device 500 as set forth in theclaims.

In FIG. 6, the second wireless device 600 is also illustrated comprisinga communication unit 601. Through this unit, the second wireless device600 is adapted to communicate with other nodes and/or entities in thewireless communication network. The communication unit 601 may comprisemore than one receiving arrangement. For example, the communication unitmay be connected to both a wire and an antenna, by means of which thesecond wireless device 600 is enabled to communicate with other nodesand/or entities in the wireless communication network. Similarly, thecommunication unit 601 may comprise more than one transmittingarrangement, which in turn are connected to both a wire and an antenna,by means of which the second wireless device 600 is enabled tocommunicate with other nodes and/or entities in the wirelesscommunication network. The second wireless device 600 further comprisesa memory 602 for storing data. Further, the second wireless device 600may comprise a control or processing unit (not shown) which in turns isconnected to the different units 603-604. It shall be pointed out thatthis is merely an illustrative example and the second wireless device600 may comprise more, less or other units or modules which execute thefunctions of the second wireless device 600 in the same manner as theunits illustrated in FIG. 6.

It should be noted that FIG. 6 merely illustrates various functionalunits in the second wireless device 600 in a logical sense. Thefunctions in practice may be implemented using any suitable software andhardware means/circuits etc. Thus, the embodiments are generally notlimited to the shown structures of the second wireless device 600 andthe functional units. Hence, the previously described exemplaryembodiments may be realised in many ways. For example, one embodimentincludes a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereonthat are executable by the control or processing unit for executing themethod steps in the second wireless device 600. The instructionsexecutable by the computing system and stored on the computer-readablemedium perform the method steps of the second wireless device 600 as setforth in the claims.

FIG. 7 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement in a firstwireless device 700. Comprised in the arrangement in the first wirelessdevice 700 are here a processing unit 706, e.g. with a Digital SignalProcessor, DSP. The processing unit 706 may be a single unit or aplurality of units to perform different actions of procedures describedherein. The first wireless device 700 may also comprise an input unit702 for receiving signals from other entities, and an output unit 704for providing signal(s) to other entities. The input unit and the outputunit may be arranged as an integrated entity or as illustrated in theexample of FIG. 5, as one or more interfaces 501.

Furthermore, the first wireless device 700 comprises at least onecomputer program product 708 in the form of a non-volatile memory, e.g.an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, EEPROM, a flashmemory and a hard drive. The computer program product 708 comprises acomputer program 710, which comprises code means, which when executed inthe processing unit 706 in the arrangement in the first wireless device700 causes the first wireless device to perform the actions e.g. of theprocedure described earlier in conjunction with FIGS. 1c and 1 d.

The computer program 710 may be configured as a computer program codestructured in computer program modules 710 a-710 e. Hence, in anexemplifying embodiment, the code means in the computer program of thefirst wireless device 700 comprises an obtaining unit, or module, forobtaining a timing reference and a time offset, from a wireless networkThe computer program further comprises a transmitting unit, or module,for transmitting, to the second wireless device, an SA in accordancewith the obtained timing reference, the SA comprising the time offset,and for transmitting data, to the second wireless device, in accordancewith an uplink timing, wherein the uplink timing is based on the timeoffset and the timing reference.

The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions ofthe flow illustrated in FIG. 1c , to emulate the first wireless device500. In other words, when the different computer program modules areexecuted in the processing unit 706, they may correspond to the units503-505 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 schematically shows an embodiment of a second wireless device800. Comprised in the second wireless device 800 are here a processingunit 806, e.g. with a Digital Signal Processor. The processing unit 806may be a single unit or a plurality of units to perform differentactions of procedures described herein. The second wireless device 800may also comprise an input unit 802 for receiving signals from otherentities, and an output unit 804 for providing signal(s) to otherentities. The input unit and the output unit may be arranged as anintegrated entity or as illustrated in the example of FIG. 6, as one ormore interfaces 601.

Furthermore, the second wireless device 800 comprises at least onecomputer program product 808 in the form of a non-volatile memory, e.g.an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, EEPROM, a flashmemory and a hard drive. The computer program product 808 comprises acomputer program 810, which comprises code means, which when executed inthe processing unit 806 in the second wireless device 800 causes thesecond wireless device 800 to perform the actions e.g. of the proceduredescribed earlier in conjunction with FIGS. 2a and 2 b.

The computer program 810 may be configured as a computer program codestructured in computer program modules 810 a-810 e. Hence, in anexemplifying embodiment, the code means in the computer program of thesecond wireless device 800 comprises an receiving unit, or module, forreceiving, from the first wireless device, an SA comprising a timeoffset. The computer program further comprises a determining unit, ormodule, for determining a timing reference, and for determiningreception timing based on the received time offset and the determinedtiming reference. The receiving unit, or module, is further for datatransmitted from the first wireless device in accordance with thedetermined reception timing.

The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions ofthe flow illustrated in FIG. 2a , to emulate the second wireless device600. In other words, when the different computer program modules areexecuted in the processing unit 806, they may correspond to the units603-604 of FIG. 6.

Although the code means in the respective embodiments disclosed above inconjunction with FIGS. 5 and 6 are implemented as computer programmodules which when executed in the respective processing unit causes thefirst wireless device and the second wireless device respectively toperform the actions described above in the conjunction with figuresmentioned above, at least one of the code means may in alternativeembodiments be implemented at least partly as hardware circuits.

The processor may be a single Central Processing Unit, CPU, but couldalso comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processormay include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processorsand/or related chips sets and/or special purpose microprocessors such asApplication Specific Integrated Circuits, ASICs. The processor may alsocomprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may becarried by a computer program product connected to the processor. Thecomputer program product may comprise a computer readable medium onwhich the computer program is stored. For example, the computer programproduct may be a flash memory, a Random-Access Memory RAM, Read-OnlyMemory, ROM, or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules describedabove could in alternative embodiments be distributed on differentcomputer program products in the form of memories within the firstwireless device and the second wireless device respectively.

It is to be understood that the choice of interacting units, as well asthe naming of the units within this disclosure are only for exemplifyingpurpose, and nodes suitable to execute any of the methods describedabove may be configured in a plurality of alternative ways in order tobe able to execute the suggested procedure actions.

With reference to FIG. 9a and FIG. 9b exemplary embodiments are furthershown and described.

FIG. 9a schematically illustrates a procedure for a wireless terminalentering a CONNECTED mode and obtaining TA information from a wirelessnetwork. In the case the wireless network is LTE, the connected mode isreferred to as RRC_CONNECTED mode.

In a first step S31, wireless device 1, first being in IDLE mode, sendsS31 a Random Access Channel preamble to the network entity. The networkentity may be a base station, node B or evolved node B, eNB. The RACHpreamble is sent to the network in order to obtain timing informationfrom the network and thus get wireless device 1 synchronized with thenetwork, or the network entity. It shall be pointed out that thisexample is for an LTE wireless network and in case the wireless networkemploys another technology than LTE, then the signal S31 may be nameddifferently, but the result of sending the signal to the network is thatthe wireless device 1 obtains timing information from the network.

The network entity determines TA information and sends S32 this TAinformation to the wireless device 1. The wireless device 1 in thismanner becomes connected to the network entity and enters the CONNECTEDmode.

FIG. 9b is a sequence diagram illustrating a procedure for time aligninga wireless device in a CONNECTED mode and a wireless device in IDLE modeaccording to a an embodiment of the present disclosure. In FIG. 9b ,wireless device 1 is in CONNECTED mode and wireless device 2 is in IDLEmode.

Wireless device 2, being in IDLE mode (or RRC_IDLE mode if the wirelessnetwork is LTE), occasionally monitors the paging channel transmitted bya wireless access point, e.g. a eNB or a radio base station. Assumingthat wireless device 1 and wireless device 2 are relatively close toeach other (i.e. close enough to being enabled to establish a D2Dconnection with each other) the paging channel may be transmitted by thenetwork entity illustrated in FIG. 9a . Additionally to occasionallymonitoring the paging channel, wireless device 2 also monitors at leastone D2D channel, e.g. a D2D discovery channel.

Wireless device 1 sends S33 a time offset to wireless device 2. Wirelessdevice 1 may send the time offset on a D2D channel which is beingmonitored by wireless device 2. The time offset is in an example basedon TA information that wireless device 1 previously has received from anetwork entity to which wireless device 1 is connected. Another exampleof sending S33 the time offset to wireless device 2 is by sending it ona channel for scheduling assignments. As described before, aA channelfor scheduling assignments may be seen as a control channel which isused by the wireless device 1, i.e. a transmitting wireless device, toindicate the resource allocation information to the receiving wirelessdevice, i.e. wireless device(s) 2 in this example.

When wireless device 2 obtains (i.e. receives in this example) the timeoffset and adjusts its timing for receiving radio signals and/orchannels associated with D2D communication from wireless device 1.

In this manner, wireless device 1 and wireless device 2 may be alignedwith each other and wireless device 1 may e.g. send S34 data accordingto an uplink timing defined by the time offset sent from wireless device1 to wireless device 2.

It shall be pointed out that a D2D communication may take place betweenwireless device 1 and a plurality of wireless devices. In other words,the time offset sent/broadcasted in S33 by wireless device 1 may bereceived by a plurality of wireless devices 2.

Wireless device(s) 2 may further previously have obtained downlinktiming by a downlink synchronization channel to which wireless device(s)2 may listen to being in IDLE mode. Another example of how the wirelessdevice(s) 2 may obtain downlink timing is to listen for asynchronization signal from wireless device 1.

Wireless device 1 may send the time offset to wireless device 2 indifferent ways. In one example, wireless device 1 sends out data, e.g.scheduling assignment information according to a reference timing T1which contains the TA information received from the network entity. Inanother example, the wireless device 1 sends, or signals, the timeoffset with regard to the reference timing T1 to wireless device(s) 2.

The signalling assignment may comprise different information, e.g.resource allocation from transmitter to receiver, i.e. from wirelessdevice 1 to wireless device 2.

In the above, wireless device 1 and 2 may be terminals, UEs, etc.wireless device 1 may also be a relay radio node relaying signals ordata for D2D communication. In one example, wireless device 1 may be inRRC_CONNECTED, and wireless device 2 may be in RRC_IDLE (if the wirelesscommunication network is LTE) as described before. Further, D2Dcommunication may be broadcast communication, multicast or groupcommunication, or even unicast communication.

For the operation of wireless device 2: this solution focuses on the Rximplementation and shifting a receiver window according to the signalledtime offset. The solution may apply to reception of any D2D channel thathas TA information, independently of that being a data or controlchannel.

For the operation of wireless device 1: although in the example above,the TA information may be included in a SA (scheduling assignment), itdoes not need to be limited to the assumption that there will be a SA,it could be another type of signalling from wireless device 1, i.e. itis independent of the presence of a SA before.

In the following, the solution above is described with more details. Itis observed that, even though the solution is described in the contextof broadcast, the same steps may be applied for group communication(i.e. one wireless device transmitting to a plurality of wirelessdevices) and unicast transmission (i.e. when the transmitting wirelessdevice is targeting a single receiving wireless device).

Different embodiments and examples are described below.

1) Obtaining reference time T1 (by wireless device 1 and/or wirelessdevice 2). Reference time T1 may be an absolute or a relative time. Someexamples of reference time T1 are: GPS time, system time, or timingassociated with transmissions (by another wireless device) or receptions(by wireless device 1) of certain signals (e.g. downlink (DL) timingdetermined based on received physical radio signals such assynchronization signals). The type of reference time T1 may beconfigurable by another node or via higher layers, may be pre-defined ormay be decided by wireless device 1 or wireless device 2.

2) Obtaining the time offset with regard to the reference time T1.Example step description: wireless device 1 connects to the network: Thewireless device 1 may be RRC_CONNECTED, so that it can get the TAinformation from the network. Besides, more information may be obtainedfrom the network during this procedure, e.g. the resource allocationcommand (which is however not mandatory for contention based accessscheme). The TA information of wireless device 1 should be updated withUE mobility, according to the traditional TA update procedure, i.e. itrequires that the wireless device 1 remains connected with the network.

Note: If wireless device 1 is a relay radio for D2D communication, thetime offset may then be the time offset (e.g. TA) for this node ratherthan for the origin wireless device whose transmission is being relayedby wireless device 1. Similarly, the SA may be the SA for wirelessdevice's 1 transmissions (e.g., comprising the relayed data) rather thanfor the origin wireless device's transmissions whose transmissions arebeing relayed by wireless device 1.

3) Providing by wireless device 1 the time offset to wireless device(s)2. The time offset information may also be complemented with additionalinformation, e.g. uncertainty associated with the time offset, searchwindow size, etc. The time offset may be provided to wireless device(s)2 in a scheduling assignment transmitted by wireless device 1. A searchwindow is a time window during which the receiver collects radio signalsamples e.g. for performing a measurement or to detect and/or identify aradio signal.

Example step description: wireless device 1 sends out the SA (schedulingassignment). Thus, the resource allocation of D2D communication is sentout by wireless device 1. As stated in 1), this information may beacquired from the network (contention-free) or decided by wirelessdevice 1 autonomously (contention-based). Along with the schedulinginformation, the TA information is sent out by wireless device 1. Sincethe SA is sent according to DL timing, and data is sent according to ULtiming, the TA information may actually be used to indicate the timingdifference between SA and data. Wireless device(s) 2 obtains the timeoffset and uses it for calculating receive timing for receiving radiosignals and/or channels associated with D2D communication. For thecalculation, the wireless device(s) may also use the reference timingT1. Then, the wireless device(s) 2 adjusts its receiver, based on thecalculated reception timing, to receive the radio signals and/orchannels associated with D2D communication. The wireless device(s) 2 mayalso use the additional information from wireless device 1: for example,the adjusting of the receiver may comprise centring the search window ofthe receiver at a time based on the calculated result and configuringthe search window size based on an uncertainty or search window sizecomprised in the additional information obtained from the wirelessdevice 1. For example, wireless device(s) 2 may listen for asynchronization signal transmitted from wireless device 1 in order toobtain the timing reference of T1.

Example step description: wireless device 2 receives the SA: As anRRC_IDLE UE, wireless device 2 can search/monitor the possible SAperiodically (this procedure is out of the scope of this proposal)according to DL timing (as indicated in 2), this procedure is coupledwith synchronization signal search, peer discovery). When a SA isreceived and decoded the TA info of the wireless device 1 is madeavailable at the wireless device 2, i.e. the timing difference betweenthe SA and the data, so the wireless device 2 can adjust the timing todecode the data, of which the resource location is also included in theSA.

4) Using the adjusted receiver for receiving the radio signals and/orchannels associated with D2D communication. In one embodiment, thewireless device 2 may be required to meet one or more pre-definedrequirements (e.g. demodulation or measurement requirements) whilereceiving the radio signals and/or channels associated with D2Dcommunication. The requirements may also be applicable depending on oneor more conditions, e.g. one or more of: search window size, accuracy ofthe reference timing T1, accuracy of the timing offset, etc.

Example step description: wireless device 2 can decode the data, withoutbeing required to be connected, and this can also be applied tointer-cell D2D communication.

Note: Since TA may be included in the SA, it couples the TA update withthe SA update procedure, i.e. when there is an update on the TA info atwireless device 1, it can either:

Update the TA using a new SA: this can be used for the new power-onneighbouring wireless device 2. Or if the resource allocationperiodicity is shorter than the TA update periodicity.Update the TA using the data channel: e.g., carry a MAC Control Element(CE) in the data, so that the existing wireless device 2 does not haveto re-decode the SA to find the new TA value. This means that the new TAinformation should be carried by the data channel sent according to theold TA value.

It should also be noted that the units described in this disclosure areto be regarded as logical entities and not with necessity as separatephysical entities.

While the embodiments have been described in terms of severalembodiments, it is contemplated that alternatives, modifications,permutations and equivalents thereof will become apparent upon readingof the specifications and study of the drawings. It is thereforeintended that the following appended claims include such alternatives,modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the scope ofthe embodiments and defined by the pending claims.

1. A method, performed by a first wireless device, for enablingDevice-to-Device (D2D) communication with at least one second wirelessdevice, the method comprising: obtaining, by the first wireless devicefrom a wireless network, a timing reference and a time offset;transmitting, from the first wireless device to the at least one secondwireless device, a Scheduling Assignment (SA) in accordance with theobtained timing reference, the SA comprising the time offset; andtransmitting data, from the first wireless device to the at least onesecond wireless device, in accordance with an uplink timing, wherein theuplink timing is based on the time offset and the timing reference. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the timing reference is a downlink timingof the wireless network.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the timeoffset is a Timing Advance.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the timingreference is any of: GPS time; system time; reception timing associatedwith signals transmitted by wireless devices; downlink timing determinedbased on received physical radio signals.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the timing reference is configured by a node or via higherlayers of the wireless network, or is pre-defined or decided by thefirst wireless device.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving an updated time offset from the wireless network; transmittingthe updated time offset to the at least one second wireless device usinga Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) of a data channel bymeans of which the first wireless device transmits data to the at leastone second wireless device.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein theScheduling Assignment indicates allocation of resources for thetransmission of the data from the first wireless device to the secondwireless device via D2D communication.
 8. A method, performed by asecond wireless device, for enabling Device-to-Device (D2D)communication with a first wireless device, the method comprising:receiving, by the second wireless device from the first wireless device,a Scheduling Assignment (SA) comprising a time offset; determining atiming reference; determining reception timing based on the receivedtime offset and the determined timing reference; and receiving datatransmitted from the first wireless device in accordance with thedetermined reception timing.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thetiming reference is based on any of: a reception time of the receivedSA; GPS time; system time; reception timing associated to signalstransmitted by wireless devices; downlink timing determined based onreceived physical radio signals.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein thetime offset is a Timing Advance.
 11. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising: receiving an updated time offset from the first wirelessdevice by means of a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ofa data channel by means of which the second wireless device receivesdata from the first wireless device; and updating the uplink timingbased on the received updated time offset.
 12. The method of claim 8,wherein the Scheduling Assignment indicates allocation of resources forthe transmission of the data from the first wireless device to thesecond wireless device via D2D communication.
 13. The method of claim 8,wherein determining the timing reference comprises determining thetiming reference based on a reception time of the received SchedulingAssignment.
 14. A first wireless device configured to enableDevice-to-Device (D2D) communication with at least one second wirelessdevice, the first wireless device comprising: a processing circuit;memory comprising instructions which when executed by the processingcircuit causes the first wireless device to: obtain, from a wirelessnetwork, a timing reference and a time offset; transmit, to the at leastone second wireless device, a Scheduling Assignment (SA) in accordancewith the obtained timing reference, the SA comprising the time offset,and transmit data, to the at least one second wireless device, inaccordance with an uplink timing, wherein the uplink timing is based onthe time offset and the timing reference.
 15. The first wireless deviceof claim 14, wherein the timing reference is a downlink timing of thewireless network.
 16. The first wireless device of claim 14, wherein thetime offset is a Timing Advance.
 17. The first wireless device of claim14, wherein the timing reference is any of: GPS time; system time;reception timing associated with signals transmitted by wirelessdevices; downlink timing determined based on received physical radiosignals.
 18. The first wireless device of claim 14, wherein timingreference is configured by a node or via higher layers of the wirelessnetwork, pre-defined or decided by the first wireless device.
 19. Thefirst wireless device of claim 14, wherein the memory further comprisesinstructions, which when executed by the processing circuit causes thefirst wireless device to: receive an updated time offset from thewireless network; and transmit the updated time offset to the at leastone second wireless device using a Medium Access Control (MAC) ControlElement (CE) of a data channel by means of which the first wirelessdevice transmits data to the at least one second wireless device. 20.The first wireless device of claim 14, wherein the Scheduling Assignmentindicates allocation of resources for the transmission of the data fromthe first wireless device to the second wireless device via D2Dcommunication.
 21. A second wireless device configured to enableDevice-to-Device (D2D) communication with a first wireless device, thesecond wireless device comprising: a processing circuit; memorycomprising instructions which when executed by the processing circuitcauses the second wireless device to: receive, from the first wirelessdevice, a Scheduling Assignment (SA) comprising a time offset; determinea timing reference; determine a reception timing based on the receivedtime offset and the determined timing reference; and receive datatransmitted from the first wireless device in accordance with thedetermined reception timing.
 22. The second wireless device of claim 21,wherein the timing reference is based any of: a reception time of thereceived SA; GPS time; system time; reception timing associated tosignals transmitted by wireless devices; downlink timing determinedbased on received physical radio signals.
 23. The second wireless deviceof claim 21, wherein the time offset is a Timing Advance.
 24. The secondwireless device of claim 21, wherein the memory further comprisesinstructions, which when executed by the processing circuit causes thesecond wireless device to: receive an updated time offset from the firstwireless device by means of a Medium Access Control (MAC) ControlElement (CE) of a data channel by means of which the second wirelessdevice receives data from the first wireless device; and update theuplink timing based on the received updated time offset.
 25. The secondwireless device of claim 21, wherein the Scheduling Assignment indicatesallocation of resources for the transmission of the data from the firstwireless device to the second wireless device via D2D communication. 26.The second wireless device of claim 21, wherein the memory comprisesinstructions, which when executed by the processing circuit causes thesecond wireless device to determine the timing reference by determiningthe timing reference based on a reception time of the receivedScheduling Assignment.